Conflict: packages/ui/src/components/chat/markdown/markdownCore.ts
main added per-image-mode markdown parsers (`imageMode` threaded through
`parseBlock` and into the block cache key); this branch replaced the
identity-keyed block cache with a content-addressed LRU. Resolution keeps the
content-addressed cache and folds `imageMode` into the content key, so the
`inline` and `label` renderings of the same source cannot answer for each other.